What is the primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

Mitochondria are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of eukaryotic cells because their primary function is the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the main energy currency of the cell. This process takes place through cellular respiration, wherein mitochondria convert nutrients, particularly glucose and oxygen, into ATP. This energy is vital for driving various cellular processes, including muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and biosynthetic reactions.

The structure of mitochondria, with their double membrane and extensive inner membrane surface area, facilitates this energy production. The inner membrane contains proteins that are essential for the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis. The efficient production of ATP is crucial for cells to perform their functions effectively and maintain homeostasis.

This understanding underscores the significance of mitochondria not just in energy production but in overall cellular metabolism and energy balance.